Profile of patients with hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus from Primary Healthcare units.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the characteristics of patients with hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus from Primary Healthcare units. METHODS: This is a retrospective study, with data collected from December 2014 of patients with hypertension and/or diabetes from 13 Primary Healthcare units located in the Southern region of Sao Paulo (SP, Brazil). Patients were compared by sex, diagnosis and cardiovascular risk using student t test, one way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and χ2 tests. RESULTS: We evaluated 28,496 patients aged 20 years to 79 years (mean of 57.8 years). Most of patients were women (63.2%) and aged 50 years old or older (74.2%). The participation in the Programa Remédio em Casa (Medicine at Home Program) was higher among women (12.7%), and the proportions of hypertension, diabetes and both diseases were 68.0%, 7.9% and 24.1%, respectively. Patients with hypertension and diabetes had higher participation in Medicine at Home Program (13.3%), and those with diabetes only had higher participation in Programa de Automonitoramento Glicêmico (Self-Monitoring Glucose Program) (20.0%). The proportions of low, moderate, and high cardiovascular risk were 33.0%, 15.5%, and 51.5%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The sample of this study consisted of patients who were mostly women, aged 50 years or older and diagnosed with hypertension. Almost a quarter of patients also had diabetes and approximately one third and half of them were classified as low and high cardiovascular risk.

Profile of patients with hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus from Primary Healthcare units / Perfil de pacientes com hipertensão arterial e/ou diabetes mellitus de unidades de Atenção Primária à Saúde

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the characteristics of patients with hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus from Primary Healthcare units. Methods This is a retrospective study, with data collected from December 2014 of patients with hypertension and/or diabetes from 13 Primary Healthcare units located in the Southern region of Sao Paulo (SP, Brazil). Patients were compared by sex, diagnosis and cardiovascular risk using student t test, one way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and χ2 tests. Results We evaluated 28,496 patients aged 20 years to 79 years (mean of 57.8 years). Most of patients were women (63.2%) and aged 50 years old or older (74.2%). The participation in the Programa Remédio em Casa (Medicine at Home Program) was higher among women (12.7%), and the proportions of hypertension, diabetes and both diseases were 68.0%, 7.9% and 24.1%, respectively. Patients with hypertension and diabetes had higher participation in Medicine at Home Program (13.3%), and those with diabetes only had higher participation in Programa de Automonitoramento Glicêmico (Self-Monitoring Glucose Program) (20.0%). The proportions of low, moderate, and high cardiovascular risk were 33.0%, 15.5%, and 51.5%, respectively. Conclusion The sample of this study consisted of patients who were mostly women, aged 50 years or older and diagnosed with hypertension. Almost a quarter of patients also had diabetes and approximately one third and half of them were classified as low and high cardiovascular risk.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar as características de pacientes com hipertensão arterial e/ou diabetes mellitus de unidades de Atenção Primária à Saúde. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo, com dados de dezembro de 2014 de pacientes com hipertensão e/ou diabetes, de 13 unidades de Atenção Primária à Saúde localizadas na região sul da cidade de São Paulo (SP). Os pacientes foram comparados por sexo, diagnósticos e risco cardiovascular, por meio dos testes t de Student, análise de variância de um fator, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis e χ2. Resultados Foram avaliados 28.496 pacientes, de 20 anos a 79 anos de idade (média de 57,8 anos), sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (63,2%) e com 50 anos ou mais de idade (74,2%). A participação no Programa Remédio em Casa foi maior no sexo feminino (12,7%) e as proporções de hipertensão, diabetes e de ambas as doenças foram de 68,0%, 7,9% e 24,1%, respectivamente. Os pacientes com hipertensão e diabetes apresentaram maior proporção de participação no Programa Remédio em Casa (13,3%) e aqueles com apenas diabetes apresentaram maior proporção de participação no Programa de Automonitoramento Glicêmico (20,0%). As proporções de risco cardiovascular baixo, moderado e alto foram de 33,0%, 15,5% e 51,5%, respectivamente. Conclusão A amostra deste estudo foi constituída por pacientes em sua maioria do sexo feminino, com 50 anos ou mais de idade e diagnóstico de hipertensão. Cerca de um quarto dos pacientes apresentava também diabetes e aproximadamente um terço e metade deles foram categorizados como risco cardiovascular baixo e alto, respectivamente.

Introduction of complementary foods in infants.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze frequency, age and time trend of complementary feeding introduction in infants. METHODS: Retrospective study of infants' data evaluated at nutrition sector of Programa de Atenção aos Bebês of Programa Einstein na Comunidade de Paraisópolis from 2012 to 2015. Survival analyzes were performed, and the outcome considered was the time until the introduction of each specific food. RESULTS: Participants were 700 infants, with 5.5 months of median age. Water was the most consumed supplement (80.0%), followed by infant formula (64.1%) and juice (51.1%). Regarding the beginning of complementary feeding, water, infant formula and tea were the first to be introduced, with a median age of 3 months. It is noteworthy that almost one-fifth of the infants had already received processed foods. Water introduction proportions showed a significant tendency to increase over the years, and among infants at 6 months of age, varied from 72.8%, in 2012, to 91.1%, in 2015. The introduction of processed food category items presented a significant trend of change, showing, however, a reduction from 30.8%, in 2012, to 15.6%, in 2015, in this same age group. Among the processed foods, flour based thickeners (36.3%) and biscuits (26.3%) presented the highest proportions of consume. CONCLUSION: Water and infant formula were the most widely consumed and early introduced foods. Among the studied years, water introduction presented a significant tendency to increase and processed foods category to reduce consumption.

Introduction of complementary foods in infants / Introdução de alimentos complementares em lactentes

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze frequency, age and time trend of complementary feeding introduction in infants. Methods: Retrospective study of infants' data evaluated at nutrition sector of Programa de Atenção aos Bebês of Programa Einstein na Comunidade de Paraisópolis from 2012 to 2015. Survival analyzes were performed, and the outcome considered was the time until the introduction of each specific food. Results: Participants were 700 infants, with 5.5 months of median age. Water was the most consumed supplement (80.0%), followed by infant formula (64.1%) and juice (51.1%). Regarding the beginning of complementary feeding, water, infant formula and tea were the first to be introduced, with a median age of 3 months. It is noteworthy that almost one-fifth of the infants had already received processed foods. Water introduction proportions showed a significant tendency to increase over the years, and among infants at 6 months of age, varied from 72.8%, in 2012, to 91.1%, in 2015. The introduction of processed food category items presented a significant trend of change, showing, however, a reduction from 30.8%, in 2012, to 15.6%, in 2015, in this same age group. Among the processed foods, flour based thickeners (36.3%) and biscuits (26.3%) presented the highest proportions of consume. Conclusion: Water and infant formula were the most widely consumed and early introduced foods. Among the studied years, water introduction presented a significant tendency to increase and processed foods category to reduce consumption.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a frequência, a idade e a tendência temporal da introdução da alimentação complementar em lactentes. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo dos dados de lactentes avaliados no setor de nutrição do Programa de Atenção aos Bebês do Programa Einstein na Comunidade de Paraisópolis entre os anos 2012 a 2015. Foram realizadas análises de sobrevivência, sendo que o desfecho considerado foi a idade até a introdução de cada alimento específico. Resultados: Foram avaliados 700 lactentes, com idade mediana de 5,5 meses. A água representou o complemento mais consumido (80,0%), seguida pela fórmula infantil (64,1%) e pelo suco (51,1%). Em relação ao início da alimentação complementar, água, fórmula infantil e chá foram os primeiros a serem introduzidos, com idade mediana de 3 meses. Destaca-se que quase um quinto dos lactentes já tinha recebido alimentos processados. A introdução da água apresentou tendência significativa de aumento ao longo dos anos, sendo que, entre os lactentes com 6 meses de idade, variou de 72,8%, em 2012, para 91,1%, em 2015. A introdução dos itens da categoria alimentos processados também apresentou tendência significativa de mudança, sendo, entretanto, de redução, variando de 30,8%, em 2012, para 15,6%, em 2015, nesta mesma faixa etária. Entre os alimentos processados, engrossantes (36,3%) e biscoitos (26,3%) apresentaram as maiores proporções de consumo. Conclusão: Água e fórmula infantil foram os alimentos mais consumidos e mais precocemente introduzidos. Entre os anos estudados, a introdução da água apresentou tendência significativa de aumento e a categoria alimentos processados de redução de consumo.

Low birth weight and its associated factors.

OBJECTIVE: To calculate the frequency and evaluate the factors associated with low birth weight. METHODS: A retrospective study, with data from pregnant women who participated in the Programa de Atenção às Gestantes do Programa Einstein na Comunidade de Paraisópolis, between 2011 and 2014, and who returned for the postpartum evaluation of their newborns. Variables related to the pregnant woman, pregnancy, and newborn were evaluated. The outcome variable was low birth weight, defined as <2.5kg. The associations between the independent variables and low birth weight were assessed by χ2 and Mann-Whitney tests. Logistic regression models analyzed the combined effects of the independent variables on low birth weight. RESULTS: Data of 794 pregnant women and their newborns (52.1% males) were analyzed. The age of pregnant women varied from 13 to 44 years (median of 24 years), and the majority reported being married or living in cohabitation (74.7%), and having between 9 to 11 years of schooling (53.4%). The proportion of low birth weight was 7.6% (newborn mean weight of 3.2kg) and, in multivariate analysis, presence of twinning, age group of the pregnant women (showing protection for low birth weight between ages ≥18 years and <35 years), and cesarean section were associated with low birth weight. CONCLUSION: The proportion of low birth weight was 7.6% and twining, age of the pregnant woman, and cesarean delivery were associated with the occurrence of low birth weight.

Latent tuberculosis infection and tuberculosis in children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics of patients diagnosed with tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection. METHODS: A retrospective study, between 2012 and 2015, with data from patients of Programa Einstein na Comunidade de Paraisópolis. To evaluate possible factors associated with patient's sex and diagnoses of tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection, χ2 or Fisher's exact tests were used for qualitative variables, and Mann-Whitney test for quantitative or ordinal qualitative variables. RESULTS: A total of 77 patients were evaluated. Age ranged from 6 months to 13.4 years, with a majority of males (54.5%), aged zero to 4 years (54.5%), diagnosed with latent tuberculosis infection (64.9%), and classified as eutrophic (71.2%). The tuberculin test was positive in 92% and in most cases the values were above 10mm (68.0%). Approximately three-quarters of chest X-ray tests were normal (72.7%). After chest X-ray, computed tomography of thorax was the most ordered exam (29.9%), followed by smear and culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the gastric aspirate (28.6%). The frequencies of altered chest X-ray (70.4% versus 4.0%), computed tomography of thorax requests (55.6% versus 16.0%) and other tests requested (81.5% versus 38.0%) were significantly higher in patients with a diagnosis of tuberculosis, relative to those with latent tuberculosis infection, respectively. CONCLUSION: In our sample, proportions of altered chest X-ray, and performing computed tomography of thorax and other tests in patients diagnosed with tuberculosis were higher than in those with latent tuberculosis infection.

Latent tuberculosis infection and tuberculosis in children and adolescents / Infecção latente por tuberculose e tuberculose em crianças e adolescentes

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the characteristics of patients diagnosed with tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection. Methods: A retrospective study, between 2012 and 2015, with data from patients of Programa Einstein na Comunidade de Paraisópolis. To evaluate possible factors associated with patient's sex and diagnoses of tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection, χ2 or Fisher's exact tests were used for qualitative variables, and Mann-Whitney test for quantitative or ordinal qualitative variables. Results: A total of 77 patients were evaluated. Age ranged from 6 months to 13.4 years, with a majority of males (54.5%), aged zero to 4 years (54.5%), diagnosed with latent tuberculosis infection (64.9%), and classified as eutrophic (71.2%). The tuberculin test was positive in 92% and in most cases the values were above 10mm (68.0%). Approximately three-quarters of chest X-ray tests were normal (72.7%). After chest X-ray, computed tomography of thorax was the most ordered exam (29.9%), followed by smear and culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the gastric aspirate (28.6%). The frequencies of altered chest X-ray (70.4% versus 4.0%), computed tomography of thorax requests (55.6% versus 16.0%) and other tests requested (81.5% versus 38.0%) were significantly higher in patients with a diagnosis of tuberculosis, relative to those with latent tuberculosis infection, respectively. Conclusion: In our sample, proportions of altered chest X-ray, and performing computed tomography of thorax and other tests in patients diagnosed with tuberculosis were higher than in those with latent tuberculosis infection.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever as características de pacientes com diagnóstico de tuberculose e de infecção latente por tuberculose. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, entre os anos de 2012 e 2015, com os dados dos pacientes do ambulatório do Programa Einstein na Comunidade de Paraisópolis. Para se avaliarem possíveis fatores associados ao sexo e aos diagnósticos de tuberculose e infecção latente por tuberculose, foram utilizados os testes χ2 ou exato de Fisher, para variáveis qualitativas, e de Mann-Whitney, para variáveis quantitativas ou qualitativas ordinais. Resultados: Foram avaliados 77 pacientes. A idade variou de 6 meses a 13,4 anos, sendo a maioria do sexo masculino (54,5%), na faixa etária de zero a 4 anos (54,5%), com diagnóstico de infecção latente por tuberculose (64,9%) e categorizada como eutrófica (71,2%). Em 92% dos casos, a prova tuberculínica foi positiva, e a maioria mostrou valores acima de 10mm (68,0%). Cerca de três quartos dos exames de raio X de tórax resultaram normais (72,7%). Depois do raio X de tórax, a tomografia computadorizada de tórax foi o segundo exame mais solicitado (29,9%), seguida da baciloscopia e da cultura do bacilo Mycobacterium tuberculosis no aspirado gástrico (28,6%). As frequências de raio X de tórax alterado (70,4% versus 4,0%), solicitações de tomografia computadorizada de tórax (55,6% versus 16,0%) e outros exames (81,5% versus 38,0%) foram significativamente maiores nos pacientes com diagnóstico de tuberculose, em relação àqueles com infecção latente por tuberculose, respectivamente. Conclusão: Em nossa amostra, as proporções de raio X de tórax alterados e de realização de tomografia computadorizada de tórax e de outros exames nos pacientes com diagnóstico de tuberculose foram maiores em relação àqueles com infecção latente por tuberculose.

Low birth weight and its associated factors / Baixo peso ao nascer e seus fatores associados

ABSTRACT Objective To calculate the frequency and evaluate the factors associated with low birth weight. Methods A retrospective study, with data from pregnant women who participated in the Programa de Atenção às Gestantes do Programa Einstein na Comunidade de Paraisópolis, between 2011 and 2014, and who returned for the postpartum evaluation of their newborns. Variables related to the pregnant woman, pregnancy, and newborn were evaluated. The outcome variable was low birth weight, defined as <2.5kg. The associations between the independent variables and low birth weight were assessed by χ2 and Mann-Whitney tests. Logistic regression models analyzed the combined effects of the independent variables on low birth weight. Results Data of 794 pregnant women and their newborns (52.1% males) were analyzed. The age of pregnant women varied from 13 to 44 years (median of 24 years), and the majority reported being married or living in cohabitation (74.7%), and having between 9 to 11 years of schooling (53.4%). The proportion of low birth weight was 7.6% (newborn mean weight of 3.2kg) and, in multivariate analysis, presence of twinning, age group of the pregnant women (showing protection for low birth weight between ages ≥18 years and <35 years), and cesarean section were associated with low birth weight. Conclusion The proportion of low birth weight was 7.6% and twining, age of the pregnant woman, and cesarean delivery were associated with the occurrence of low birth weight.

RESUMO Objetivo Calcular a frequência e avaliar os fatores associados ao baixo peso ao nascer. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo, com os dados das gestantes que participaram do Programa de Atenção às Gestantes do Programa Einstein na Comunidade de Paraisópolis, entre 2011 e 2014, e que retornaram para realizar a avaliação de seus recém-nascidos após o parto. Foram avaliadas as variáveis relacionadas à gestante, à gestação e ao recém-nascido. A variável desfecho foi o baixo peso ao nascer, definido como <2,5kg. As associações entre as variáveis independentes e o baixo peso ao nascer foram avaliadas por meio dos testes χ2e de Mann-Whitney. Modelos de regressão logística analisaram os efeitos combinados das variáveis independentes no baixo peso ao nascer. Resultados Foram analisados os dados de 794 gestantes e de seus recém-nascidos (52,1% do sexo masculino). A idade das gestantes variou de 13 a 44 anos (mediana de 24 anos) e a maioria referia ser casada ou estar em união estável (74,7%) e possuir entre 9 a 11 anos de estudo (53,4%). A proporção de baixo peso ao nascer foi de 7,6% (peso médio do recém-nascido de 3,2kg) e, na análise múltipla, a presença de gemelaridade, a faixa etária das gestantes (mostrando proteção para o baixo peso ao nascer nas idades ≥18 anos e <35 anos), e o parto cesárea se associaram com o baixo peso ao nascer. Conclusão A proporção de baixo peso ao nascer foi de 7,6% e gemelaridade, idade da gestante e parto cesárea se associaram com a ocorrência de baixo peso ao nascer.

The good pharmacy practice on Einstein Program at Paraisópolis Community.

OBJECTIVES:: To describe indicators and processes developed and implemented for pharmaceutical assistance at the Einstein Program at Paraisópolis Community pharmacy. METHODS:: This was a descriptive study of retrospective data from January 2012 to December 2015. Data were obtained from spreadsheets developed for monitoring the productivity and care quality provided at the pharmacy. The evaluated variables were pharmaceutical assistance to prescription, pharmaceutical intervention, orientation (standard and pharmaceutical) and pharmaceutical orientation rate. RESULTS:: The pharmacy assisted, on average, 2,308 prescriptions monthly, dispensing 4,871 items, including medications, materials and food supplements. Since March 2015, virtually, the pharmacist analyzed all prescriptions, prior to dispensing. In the analyzed period, there was an increase in monthly pharmaceutical interventions from 7 to 32 on average, and, although there was a decrease in the number of standard orientation, the pharmaceutical orientation had an increase, causing a rise of pharmaceutical orientation rate from 4 to 11%. CONCLUSION:: The processes developed and implemented at the program pharmacy sought to follow the good pharmacy practice, and help patients to make the best use of their medications. OBJETIVO:: Descrever os indicadores e os processos desenvolvidos e implantados para assistência farmacêutica na farmácia do Programa Einstein na Comunidade de Paraisópolis. MÉTODOS:: Tratase de um estudo descritivo de dados retrospectivos de janeiro de 2012 a dezembro de 2015. Os dados foram obtidos de planilhas desenvolvidas para acompanhamento da produtividade e da qualidade de assistência prestada na farmácia. As variáveis avaliadas foram: atenção farmacêutica à prescrição, intervenção farmacêutica, orientação (padrão e farmacêutica) e taxa de orientação farmacêutica. RESULTADOS:: A farmácia atendeu, em média, 2.308 prescrições ao mês, dispensando 4.871 itens, incluindo medicamentos, materiais e suplementos alimentares. Desde março de 2015, praticamente todas as prescrições foram analisadas pelo farmacêutico antes da dispensação. Houve incremento nas intervenções farmacêuticas mensais, de 7 para 32 em média e, apesar de ter havido diminuição no número de orientações padrão, a orientação farmacêutica aumentou, fazendo com que a taxa de orientação subisse de 4 para 11%. CONCLUSÃO:: Os indicadores e os processos desenvolvidos e implantados na farmácia do programa procuraram seguir as boas práticas de farmácia e ajudar os pacientes a fazerem melhor uso de seus medicamentos.

The good pharmacy practice on Einstein Program at Paraisópolis Community / As boas práticas de farmácia no Programa Einstein na Comunidade de Paraisópolis

ABSTRACT Objectives: To describe indicators and processes developed and implemented for pharmaceutical assistance at the Einstein Program at Paraisópolis Community pharmacy. Methods: This was a descriptive study of retrospective data from January 2012 to December 2015. Data were obtained from spreadsheets developed for monitoring the productivity and care quality provided at the pharmacy. The evaluated variables were pharmaceutical assistance to prescription, pharmaceutical intervention, orientation (standard and pharmaceutical) and pharmaceutical orientation rate. Results: The pharmacy assisted, on average, 2,308 prescriptions monthly, dispensing 4,871 items, including medications, materials and food supplements. Since March 2015, virtually, the pharmacist analyzed all prescriptions, prior to dispensing. In the analyzed period, there was an increase in monthly pharmaceutical interventions from 7 to 32 on average, and, although there was a decrease in the number of standard orientation, the pharmaceutical orientation had an increase, causing a rise of pharmaceutical orientation rate from 4 to 11%. Conclusion: The processes developed and implemented at the program pharmacy sought to follow the good pharmacy practice, and help patients to make the best use of their medications.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever os indicadores e os processos desenvolvidos e implantados para assistência farmacêutica na farmácia do Programa Einstein na Comunidade de Paraisópolis. Métodos: Tratase de um estudo descritivo de dados retrospectivos de janeiro de 2012 a dezembro de 2015. Os dados foram obtidos de planilhas desenvolvidas para acompanhamento da produtividade e da qualidade de assistência prestada na farmácia. As variáveis avaliadas foram: atenção farmacêutica à prescrição, intervenção farmacêutica, orientação (padrão e farmacêutica) e taxa de orientação farmacêutica. Resultados: A farmácia atendeu, em média, 2.308 prescrições ao mês, dispensando 4.871 itens, incluindo medicamentos, materiais e suplementos alimentares. Desde março de 2015, praticamente todas as prescrições foram analisadas pelo farmacêutico antes da dispensação. Houve incremento nas intervenções farmacêuticas mensais, de 7 para 32 em média e, apesar de ter havido diminuição no número de orientações padrão, a orientação farmacêutica aumentou, fazendo com que a taxa de orientação subisse de 4 para 11%. Conclusão: Os indicadores e os processos desenvolvidos e implantados na farmácia do programa procuraram seguir as boas práticas de farmácia e ajudar os pacientes a fazerem melhor uso de seus medicamentos.

[Mobile health and excess weight: a systematic review]. / Mobile health e excesso de peso: uma revisão sistemática.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of using mobile health (mHealth) technologies- the practice of medicine or public health through mobile devices, such as mobile phones-on the prevention of weight gain or treatment of overweight or obesity. METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted using the PubMed database and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta - Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Intervention studies evaluating the impact of mHealth technologies were selected on the following anthropometric measures: weight, body mass index, or waist circumference in adults. RESULTS: Out of 98 articles retrieved, 14 met the inclusion criteria and were selected for analysis. Of these, only two evaluated the prevention of weight gain instead of the treatment of overweight or obesity. mHealth technologies had a positive effect on anthropometric outcomes in 13 articles. Only one article reported no effects on the group that used these technologies. Eight articles reported impact on BMI, and seven on waist circumference. Mobile phones were the most common mHealth device, used mainly for text messages. CONCLUSIONS: mHealth technologies have the potential to be used as tools for the prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity, particularly with mobile phones and texting, which are already used daily by most of the population.

Mobile health e excesso de peso: uma revisão sistemática / Mobile health and excess weight: a systematic review

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto da utilização das tecnologias de mobile health (mHealth) - prática da medicina ou saúde pública através de dispositivos móveis, como telefones celulares - na prevenção do ganho de peso ou tratamento do excesso de peso ou da obesidade. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática de literatura utilizando-se a base de dados PubMed e as recomendações do protocolo PRISMA para revisões sistemáticas. Foram incluídos estudos de intervenção que avaliaram o impacto das tecnologias mHealth nas seguintes variáveis antropométricas: peso, índice de massa corporal (IMC) ou circunferência abdominal em adultos. RESULTADOS: Dos 98 artigos localizados, 14 atenderam aos critérios de inclusão e foram analisados no estudo de revisão. Dos artigos analisados, apenas dois avaliaram a prevenção do ganho de peso ao invés do tratamento do excesso de peso ou da obesidade. O uso de tecnologia mHealth teve efeitos positivos sobre os desfechos antropométricos em 13 artigos. Apenas um artigo não encontrou efeito no grupo que utilizou essas tecnologias. Oito artigos observaram impacto no IMC e sete na circunferência abdominal. O telefone celular foi a tecnologia mais utilizada, principalmente por meio do envio de mensagens de texto. CONCLUSÕES: As tecnologias mHealth apresentam potencial para serem utilizadas como ferramentas de prevenção e tratamento de excesso de peso e obesidade, principalmente com o uso de tecnologias como telefone celular e mensagens de texto, que já estão incorporadas ao cotidiano de grande parte da população.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of using mobile health (mHealth) technologies- the practice of medicine or public health through mobile devices, such as mobile phones-on the prevention of weight gain or treatment of overweight or obesity. METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted using the PubMed database and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta - Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Intervention studies evaluating the impact of mHealth technologies were selected on the following anthropometric measures: weight, body mass index, or waist circumference in adults. RESULTS: Out of 98 articles retrieved, 14 met the inclusion criteria and were selected for analysis. Of these, only two evaluated the prevention of weight gain instead of the treatment of overweight or obesity. mHealth technologies had a positive effect on anthropometric outcomes in 13 articles. Only one article reported no effects on the group that used these technologies. Eight articles reported impact on BMI, and seven on waist circumference. Mobile phones were the most common mHealth device, used mainly for text messages. CONCLUSIONS: mHealth technologies have the potential to be used as tools for the prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity, particularly with mobile phones and texting, which are already used daily by most of the population.

Impact of an education intervention using email for the prevention of weight gain among adult workers.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of a worksite intervention to prevent weight gain among adult workers. DESIGN: A controlled community trial was performed by dividing the workers into two groups: intervention group (IG) and control group (CG). The theoretical framework applied was Intervention Mapping Protocol and the intervention was implemented through interactive software for weight self-monitoring. To evaluate the impact of the intervention, the differences in weight, BMI and waist circumference between the IG and CG were assessed before and 6 months after the intervention by regression models. Additionally, the sustainability of the intervention was evaluated at 12 months after the intervention. Settings São Paulo, Brazil. SUBJECTS: Four companies; 281 workers for the analysis of effectiveness and 427 for the analysis of sustainability. RESULTS: The intervention resulted in significant reductions in weight, BMI and waist circumference in the IG compared with the CG. The impact of the intervention on IG individuals' body weight was -0·73 kg, while the weight of CG individuals increased. IG individuals with adequate initial weights did not show significant variations, while those who were overweight demonstrated a significant reduction in body weight. The intervention resulted in a reduction of 0·26 kg/m2 in BMI and 0·99 cm in waist circumference, and the sustainability analysis after 12 months showed a continued reduction in body weight (-0·72 kg). CONCLUSIONS: The behavioural intervention was effective, resulting in weight maintenance among participants with adequate initial weight and in significant reductions among those who were overweight. More research on longer-term weight maintenance is needed.

[Estimated sodium intake for the Brazilian population, 2008-2009]. / Estimativa de consumo de sodio pela populacao brasileira, 2008-2009.

OBJECTIVE: To update estimates of sodium intake in Brazil. METHODS: We used data from the Brazilian Household Budget Survey of 2008-2009. Records of food purchases of households were converted into nutrients using food composition tables. Mean sodium availability per person per day and mean adjusted availability for a 2,000 kcal daily energy intake were calculated. The contribution of food groups to the total household sodium availability was calculated and compared to results estimated from the 2002-2003 Household Budget Survey. RESULTS: Mean daily sodium available for consumption in Brazilian households was 4.7 g per 2,000 kcal per day, thus still more than twice the recommended levels of intake for this nutrient. Although most of the sodium available for intake is derived from table salt or salt-based condiments (74.4%), the fraction derived from processed foods with added salt showed a strong linear increase with household income (12.3% of total sodium intake in the lower quintile of per capita income distribution and 27.0% in the upper quintile). There was a reduction in the contribution of salt and salt-based condiments (76.2% to 74.4%) and fresh or processed foods without added salt (6.6% to 4.8%) and an increase of processed foods with added salt (15.8% to 18.9%) and ready meals (1.4% to 1.6%), when compared to results estimated from the 2002-2003 Household Budget Survey. CONCLUSIONS: Sodium intake in Brazil remains at levels above the recommended maximum for this nutrient in all Brazilian macro regions and income strata. There was stability in the total household sodium availability, and an increase in the fraction from processed foods with addition of salt and ready meals, when comparing 2008-2009 with 2002-2003.

Estimativa de consumo de sodio pela populacao brasileira, 2008-2009 / Estimativa de consumo de sodio por la poblacion brasilena, 2008-2009 / Estimated sodium intake for the Brazilian population, 2008-2009

OBJETIVO: Atualizar estimativas sobre consumo de sódio no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados dados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2008-2009. Realizou-se a conversão em nutrientes dos registros de aquisição de alimentos dos domicílios brasileiros por meio de tabelas de composição de alimentos. Foram calculadas a disponibilidade média de sódio/pessoa/dia e a disponibilidade média ajustada para um consumo energético diário de 2.000 kcal. Calculou-se a contribuição de grupos de alimentos selecionados para o total de sódio disponível para consumo no domicílio e comparou-se com aqueles da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2002-2003. RESULTADOS: A quantidade diária de sódio disponível para consumo nos domicílios brasileiros foi de 4,7 g para ingestão diária de 2.000 kcal, mantendo-se mais de duas vezes superior ao limite recomendado de ingestão desse nutriente. A maior parte do sódio disponível para consumo provém do sal de cozinha e de condimentos à base de sal (74,4%), mas a fração proveniente de alimentos processados com adição de sal aumentou linear e intensamente com o poder aquisitivo domiciliar (12,3% do total de sódio no quinto inferior da distribuição da renda por pessoa e 27,0% no quinto superior). Observou-se redução na contribuição de sal e condimentos à base de sal (76,2% para 74,4%) e dos alimentos in natura ou processados sem adição de sal (6,6% para 4,8%) e aumento dos alimentos processados com adição de sal (15,8% para 18,9%) e dos pratos prontos (1,4% para 1,6%) na comparação com a Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2002-2003. CONCLUSÕES: O consumo de sódio no Brasil mantém-se em níveis acima da recomendação máxima para esse nutriente ...

OBJETIVO: Actualizar estimativas sobre consumo de sodio en Brasil. MÉTODOS: Se utilizaron datos de la Investigación de Presupuestos Familiares 2008-2009. Se realizó la conversión en nutrientes de los registros de adquisición de alimentos de los domicilios brasileños por medio de tablas de composición de alimentos. Se calcularon la disponibilidad promedio de sodio/persona/día y la disponibilidad promedio ajustada para un consumo energético diario de 2000 kcal. Se calculó la contribución de grupos de alimentos seleccionados para el total de sodio disponible para consumo en el domicilio y se comparó con los datos de la Investigación de Presupuestos Familiares 2002-2003. RESULTADOS: La cantidad diaria de sodio disponible para consumo en los domicilios brasileños fue de 4,7 g para ingestión diaria de 2000 kcal, manteniéndose más de dos veces mayor al límite recomendado de ingestión de dicho nutriente. La mayor parte del sodio disponible para consumo proviene de la sal de cocina y de condimentos a base de sal (74,4%), sin embargo, la fracción proveniente de alimentos procesados con adición de sal aumentó linear e intensamente con el poder adquisitivo domiciliar (12,3% del total de sodio en la quinta parte inferior de la distribución de renta por persona y 27,0% en la quinta parte superior). Se observó reducción en la contribución de sal y condimentos a base de sal (de 76,2% a 74,4%) y de los alimentos in natura o procesados sin adición de sal (de 6,6% a 4,8%) y aumento de los alimentos procesados con adición de sal (de 15,8% a 18,9%) y de las comidas listas (de 1,4% a 1,6%) en comparación con la Investigación de Presupuestos Familiares 2002-2003. CONCLUSIONES: El consumo de sodio en Brasil se mantiene en niveles por encima de la recomendación máxima para dicho nutriente ...

OBJECTIVE: To update estimates of sodium intake in Brazil. METHODS: We used data from the Brazilian Household Budget Survey of 2008-2009. Records of food purchases of households were converted into nutrients using food composition tables. Mean sodium availability per person per day and mean adjusted availability for a 2,000 kcal daily energy intake were calculated. The contribution of food groups to the total household sodium availability was calculated and compared to results estimated from the 2002-2003 Household Budget Survey. RESULTS: Mean daily sodium available for consumption in Brazilian households was 4.7 g per 2,000 kcal per day, thus still more than twice the recommended levels of intake for this nutrient. Although most of the sodium available for intake is derived from table salt or salt-based condiments (74.4%), the fraction derived from processed foods with added salt showed a strong linear increase with household income (12.3% of total sodium intake in the lower quintile of per capita income distribution and 27.0% in the upper quintile). There was a reduction in the contribution of salt and salt-based condiments (76.2% to 74.4%) and fresh or processed foods without added salt (6.6% to 4.8%) and an increase of processed foods with added salt (15.8% to 18.9%) and ready meals (1.4% to 1.6%), when compared to results estimated from the 2002-2003 Household Budget Survey. CONCLUSIONS: Sodium intake in Brazil remains at levels above the recommended maximum for this nutrient in all Brazilian macro regions and income strata. There was stability in the total household sodium availability, and an increase in the fraction from processed foods with addition of salt and ready meals, when comparing 2008-2009 with 2002-2003. .

Impact of an intervention on the availability and consumption of fruits and vegetables in the workplace.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of an educational and environmental intervention on the availability and consumption of fruits and vegetables in workplace cafeterias. DESIGN: This was a randomized intervention study involving a sample of companies that were divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention, which focused on change in the work environment, was based on an ecological model for health promotion. It involved several different aspects including menu planning, food presentation and motivational strategies to encourage the consumption of fruits and vegetables. The impact of the intervention was measured by changes (between baseline and follow-up) in the availability of fruits and vegetables that were eaten per consumer in meals and the consumption of fruits and vegetables in the workplace by workers. We also evaluated the availability of energy, macronutrients and fibre. SETTINGS: Companies of São Paulo, Brazil. SUBJECTS: Twenty-nine companies and 2510 workers. RESULTS: After the intervention we found an average increase in the availability of fruits and vegetables of 49 g in the intervention group, an increase of approximately 15 %, whereas the results for the control group remained practically equal to baseline levels. During the follow-up period, the intervention group also showed reduced total fat and an increase in fibre in the meals offered. The results showed a slight but still positive increase in the workers' consumption of fruits and vegetables (about 11 g) in the meals offered by the companies. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions focused on the work environment can be effective in promoting the consumption of healthy foods.

Estimativas do consumo de sódio no Brasil, revisão dos benefícios relacionados à limitação do consumo deste nutriente na Síndrome Metabólica e avaliação de impacto de intervenção no local de trabalho / Estimates of sodium consumption in Brazil, review of benefits related to limiting the consumption of this nutrient in the Metabolic Syndrome and assessment of impact of intervention at the workplace

O consumo excessivo de sódio tem se associado com vários efeitos prejudiciais à saúde, como aumento da pressão arterial (PA) e doença cardiovascular. Objetivos: Os objetivos da tese foram avaliar a disponibilidade de sódio no Brasil, analisar os efeitos de dietas com teores reduzidos de sódio em indivíduos com Síndrome Metabólica (SM) ou resistência à insulina (RI) e avaliar o impacto de uma intervenção que promoveu a redução da adição de sal aos alimentos. Sujeitos e métodos: A tese está composta de três artigos. O primeiro deles avaliou as aquisições de alimentos e bebidas realizadas pelos domicílios na Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar de 2002/2003 do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. O segundo artigo revisou a literatura de forma sistemática acerca dos ensaios clínicos realizados em adultos entre anos de 2004 e 2008. E o último artigo avaliou o impacto de uma intervenção, baseada no modelo ecológico de promoção de saúde, na redução da adição de sal nos alimentos consumidos por trabalhadores de empresas da cidade de São Paulo. Resultados: A quantidade diária de sódio disponível para consumo nos domicílios brasileiros foi de 4,7 g per capita e para uma ingestão diária de 2.000 kcal. A maior parte do sódio disponível para consumo proveio do sal de cozinha e de condimentos à base desse sal (76,2 por cento). A fração proveniente de alimentos processados com adição de sal representou 9,7por cento do total de sódio no quinto inferior da distribuição da renda per capita e 25,0 por cento no quinto superior. A restrição no consumo de sódio associou-se ao aumento da RI em dois artigos e à diminuição em três outros. Em sete dos nove artigos, uma dieta com teor reduzido de sódio determinou redução da PA e em dois artigos ocorreram efeitos adversos em marcadores da SM...

The excess of sodium consumption has been associated with several adverse health effects, such as increased of blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular disease. Objectives: Evaluate the availability of sodium in Brazil, analyze the effects of diets with reduced sodium content in subjects with Metabolic Syndrome (MS) or insulin resistance (IR) and evaluate the impact of an intervention which promoted the reduction of adding salt to foods. Subjects and Methods: The thesis is composed of three articles. The first one assessed the food and beverage purchases made by households in the Household Budget Survey of 2002/2003, by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The second article reviewed the literature in a systematic way about clinical trials performed in adults between the years 2004 and 2008. And the last paper assessed the impact of an intervention, based on the ecological model of health promotion, in reducing the added salt to foods consumed by employees of Sao Paulo based companies. Results: The daily amount of sodium available in Brazilian households was 4.7 g daily per person for 2,000 kcal intake. Most of the sodium available for consumption comes from the salt and salt based seasonings (76.2 per cent). The fraction derived from processed foods with added salt represented 9.7 per cent of total sodium intake at the bottom of per person income distribution and 25.0 per cent at the top fifth. The restriction in sodium intake was associated with increased IR in two articles and the decrease in three others. In seven of the nine articles, the salt intake restriction had caused decreased in BP and in two articles have occurred adverse effects on markers of MS...

Frequency of arterial hypertension and associated factors: Brazil, 2006.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the frequency of self-reported systemic arterial hypertension and associated factors. METHODS: Study based on data provided by the system of Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (VIGITEL--Telephone-based surveillance of risk and protective factors for chronic diseases), collected in 2006 in Brazil's capitals and Federal District. The frequency of systemic arterial hypertension was estimated in 54,369 adults, stratified by sex, geographic region, sociodemographic and behavioral variables and self-reported morbidities. Crude odds ratios of hypertension were calculated, as well as odds ratios adjusted for the study's variables. RESULTS: The frequency of self-reported hypertension was 21.6%. It was higher among women (24.4% versus 18.4%), lower in the North and Central-West regions and higher in the Southeast region. The frequency of hypertension increased with age, decreased with level of schooling, was higher among blacks and widowed subjects, and lower among singles. The chance of hypertension, adjusted for confounding variables, was higher in subjects with overweight, diabetes, dyslipidemia and cardiovascular events. CONCLUSIONS: Around one fifth of the population reported suffering from systemic arterial hypertension. The high frequencies of modifiable risk factors indicate the population segments on which intervention should be targeted, aiming to prevent and control hypertension.

Freqüência de hipertensão arterial e fatores associados: Brasil, 2006 / Frequency of arterial hypertension and associated factors: Brazil, 2006

OBJETIVO: Analisar a freqüência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica auto-referida e fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Estudo baseado em dados do sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (VIGITEL), coletados em 2006 nas capitais brasileiras e Distrito Federal. Estimou-se a freqüência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica entre 54.369 adultos, estratificada por sexo, região geográfica, variáveis sociodemográficas e comportamentais e morbidades auto-referidas. Foram calculadas os odds ratios brutos de hipertensão e ajustados para variáveis do estudo. RESULTADOS: A freqüência de hipertensão auto-referida foi de 21,6 por cento, maior entre mulheres (24,4 por cento versus 18,4 por cento), menor nas regiões Norte e Centro-Oeste e maior na Sudeste. A freqüência de hipertensão aumentou com a idade, diminuiu com a escolaridade, foi maior entre negros e viúvos e menor entre solteiros. A chance de hipertensão, ajustada para variáveis de confusão, foi maior para os indivíduos com excesso de peso, diabetes, dislipidemia e de eventos cardiovasculares. CONCLUSÕES: Cerca de um quinto da população referiu ser portadora de hipertensão arterial sistêmica. As altas freqüências de fatores de risco modificáveis indicam os segmentos populacionais alvos de intervenção, visando à prevenção e controle da hipertensão.(AU)